"The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1861 to advance ""useful knowledge"", the university has played a significant role in the development of many areas of technology and science. William Barton Rogers founded MIT to accelerate American industrialization through scientific knowledge. Initially funded by a federal land grant, the institute adopted a German polytechnic model emphasizing laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering, and moved from Boston's Back Bay to its current campus in Cambridge in 1916. Early growth came through research contracts with private industry, though the institute remained financially constrained and focused primarily on practical engineering education into the 1930s. MIT's transformation as a research enterprise began during World War II, when projects like the Radiation Laboratory made it the nation's largest non-industrial R&D contractor. Graduate enrollment and research funding grew rapidly in the postwar decades as faculty members such as Vannevar Bush helped shape federal support for basic science. In the late twentieth century, MIT became closely associated with computer science, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, open-source software development, and ""big science"" initiatives like the Apollo program and the LIGO project. Engineering remains its largest school, though MIT has also developed prominent programs in basic science, economics, management, architecture, and humanities. MIT has an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) along the Charles River. Academic buildings are connected by an extensive corridor system. MIT's off-campus operations include the Lincoln Laboratory and the Haystack Observatory, as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes. Undergraduate life is known for hands-on research and elaborate pranks. Tuition is generally not charged to undergraduates from families with incomes below $200,000, and most graduate students are funded by research. As of October 2024, 105 Nobel laureates, 26 Turing Award winners, and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty members, or researchers. Alumni and faculty have founded many notable companies and served in senior government positions in the United States and abroad.